A dosimetrist is a member of a radiation oncology team who specializes in radiation therapy treatment. A dosimetrist is trained in the physics of any radiation treatment. Dosimetrists design radiation therapy for patients suffering from a variety of diseases or disorders, including cancer. Dosimetrists are responsible for calculating and devising complex treatment plans with doctors and medical physicists to assist in treating a patient. In clinical cases of cancer, a dosimetrist carefully determines a dose of radiation to best destroy a tumor/tumors while sparing normal tissues, thereby developing case specific treatment plans customized for each patient.

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How To Become a Dosimetrist

An aspiring dosimetrist must possess strong oral and written communication skills. The ability to think critically with strong analytical skills are absolute must-have qualities of future dosimetrists. Potential dosimetrists must be able to work closely with a team of other medical professionals to develop and execute technical aspects of radiation oncology and medical physics. A dosimetrist must be proficient with computer operations, the function of medical equipment, and all aspects of radiation oncology. Dosimetrist candidates must be patient oriented as well as psychologically prepared to work closely with cancer patients. An innate sensitivity and empathy toward patients living with cancer and under stress is a requirement of dosimetrist candidates, as well as physical fitness with the ability to stand for long periods of time and the strength to move disabled patients, are also requirements of a dosimetrist.

A high school educational background in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, English, health, and physical education are required to pursue advanced degrees as a dosimetrist. The Medical Dosimetrist Certification Board endorses several college level programs to assist in training and certification of aspiring dosimetrists.

Most colleges require future dosimetrists to have specialized training as licensed radiation technologists before beginning training as a dosimetrist within the field of specialized radiation oncology. A first year student pursuing a career as a dosimetrist must enroll in a radiation technologist program. General courses including English, mathematics, biology, chemistry, public speaking, and physics are requirements of first year students. Second year candidates focus on specialized courses in radiation safety and regulations, radiography, human anatomy and physiology, mathematics, computer science, physics, biology, chemistry, medical terminology and general health care.

A prerequisite of any candidate pursuing a career as a dosimetrist is successfully attaining at least one year of experience as a radiation technologist or successfully completing a bachelors degree program in physical sciences. Courses of study to further a career as a dosimetrist include physics, mathematics, human anatomy and physiology, computer science, and radiobiology. Following certification as a radiologic technician, an applicant must then complete an interview with an accredited admissions committee and is selected on a competitive basis to further career goals as a dosimetrist. Many programs require candidates to perform observations within medical dosimetry to ensure understanding of the profession and finalize career goals as a dosimetrist. Following an observation period and selection by administration for medical dosimetry, candidates begin an intensive training program using complex mathematical formulas to calculate proper radiation doses. A one year long, intensive classroom training, combined with clinical observations allows candidates to familiarize with equipment, procedures, and methodology used in dosimetry. Six months of clinical practice qualifies candidates to take the Certified Medical Dosimetrist examination. If candidates pass the CMD test, the Medical Dosimetry Certification Board will certify candidates. One full year of clinical experience with a qualified radiation oncology team allows candidates to become a full time member of a radiation oncology team as a dosimetrist.

Radiation therapists, with career goals of becoming a dosimetrist, are required to be licensed by accrediting boards within 33 states. Though requirements vary by state, most programs require applicants to pass American Registry of Radiology Technologists (ARRT) certification examinations. The ARRT requires candidates to complete accredited radiation therapy program, conform to ARRT ethical standards, and pass ARRT certification exams regarding radiation protection and quality assurance, clinical concepts in radiation oncology, treatment planning, treatment delivery, patient care, and patient education. ARRT certification examinations require a clinical practice aspect of patient care activities, simulation procedures, dosimetry calculations, fabrication of beam modicification devisces, low volume and high risk procedures, and the application of radiation. Continuing education requirements of 24 course credits related to radiation therapy every two years as well as maintaining ARRT established ethical standards and paying annual dues are requirements upon certification renewal. Individual state licensing offices allow further information pertaining to certification requirements and renewal.

A dosimetrist has the potential to earn a salary of $75,450 yearly after successfully completing educational and certification requirements.

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Preparing while in high school for a career as a diesel mechanic is a great first step toward a future career. Many high schools offer automotive repair, electronic programs, or diesel engine repair courses. High school students can participate in shop and mechanic courses, Algebra, geometry, physics, physical education, English, and computer courses to prepare for formal training programs offered through trade or vocational schools or community colleges. Additionally, participating in extracurricular activities or finding part time employment in transportation, construction, farming, or shipping organizations (like farms, car repair shops, construction sites, or gasoline service stations) allow students to gain mechanical experience and computer literacy to meet the future career goal of becoming a diesel mechanic. Students who successfully complete their high school education can advance to certificate programs, career diploma programs, or associates degree programs. Obtaining a commercial trucking license through the State Department of Motor Vehicles is also a requirement of all diesel mechanics. A CDL is required to test drive trucks or buses on public roads.

High school or G.E.D. graduates can qualify for diesel mechanic jobs through on the job training though finding employment is often difficult without formal training. On the job training for unskilled candidates begin with tasks like cleaning parts, fueling and lubricating vehicles, and driving vehicles into or out of repair shops. Candidates advance to trainee positions as vacancies open up or as they gain work experience to become mechanic’s helpers. Mechanic’s helpers perform services tasks and make minor repairs after a few months of training experience, gaining skills and asserting competence while proving their ability to perform learned tasks. Further training allows individuals to advance to increasingly difficult tasks to master repair and service of diesel engines and additional components like breaks, transmissions, and electrical systems. A mechanic with three or four years worth of on the job experience often may qualify as a journeyman diesel truck or bus mechanic though completing formal training programs often accelerates advancement to journeyman level. Employers often require experienced mechanics to specialized training courses offered by manufacturers and vendors to learn technological and repair techniques as engineering standards increasingly change.

Certificate programs offered through trade or vocational schools, traditional colleges, or online colleges allow students to increase their chances of gaining employment as diesel mechanics while increasing their educational background. Certificate programs generally take one to two years to complete. Certificate programs consist of courses in automotive repair, English, mathematics, physics, customer relations, fuel systems, electrical systems, and brakes, alignment, and suspension courses. Students learn how to repair brakes, transmissions, and fuel injection in addition to learning diesel mechanics. Students in certificate programs also learn to operate tools and electronics, like laptops and hand held devices, to diagnose and repair problems. Certificate programs instill basic skills applicable to interpret technical manuals, increase communication skills with coworkers, supervisors, and customers, and learn basic diesel repair mechanisms. Obtaining a commercial drivers license through the state Department of Motor Vehicles is also a requirement to test drive buses and trucks on public roads. Students who complete certificate programs can advance to higher educational programs or gain entry into the work force.

An associates degree in a diesel mechanic training program allows individuals the ability to apply classroom theories with hands on experience. Students participate in a two year program and study courses in: introduction to diesel mechanics, welding, hydraulics and pneumatics, diesel engine electronics and electrical systems, power train equipment repair, air conditioning systems, diesel trade and technical knowledge, diagnostic techniques for diesel mechanics, and diesel engines and support systems. Students also learn about construction equipment like bulldozers, scrapers, motor graders, loaders, and dump trucks. Successful completion of an associates degree program in diesel mechanics bolsters an individual’s chances of employment and provides necessary training for future success. Graduates can advance to higher degree programs or licensing exams upon meeting experience qualifications and/or gain employment as diesel mechanics. The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) is a highly recognized standard of achievement for diesel mechanics. Voluntary certification is offered in one of six training areas: heavy duty truck repair, brakes, gasoline engines, diesel engines, drive trains, electrical systems, and/or suspension and steering. Certification requires diesel mechanics to have at least 2 years of experience and successfully pass written examinations administered by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence.

Individuals who go on to bachelor degree programs gain educational knowledge and career opportunities. Students in a bachelor degree program in diesel technology learn how to operate and maintain heavy equipment and gain a broad educational background. Students learn how to use, lease, sell, and repair diesel equipment through courses like: diesel mechanics, diesel engine electronics and electrical systems, power train equipment repair, diesel support systems, hydraulics and pneumatics, advanced fuel systems, and welding. Students who successfully attain a bachelor degree in diesel technology can voluntarily sit for certification exams offered through the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence. Certification exams require 2 years of work experience before sitting for a written exam in any of the six training areas including: heavy duty truck repair, brakes, gasoline engines, diesel engines, drive trains, electrical systems and/or suspension and steering. Successfully completing a bachelor degree and certification examinations allow individuals to work as upper level diesel mechanics in a variety of settings, including farms, construction sites, garages, and/or service stations.

One of the greatest online degree cost benefits is that an online degree program eliminates the cost of room, board, and out of state tuition expenses. Traditional colleges may cost more than online colleges in terms of fees beyond tuition. The biggest financial advantage online degrees offer over traditional “brick and mortar” colleges is there are no room and board fees and less academic material costs.

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Additionally, most online colleges enable students to pay on a “per course” basis. Most traditional colleges require students to complete degree requirements within a specific time frame and charge students for additional course or semester hours if circumstances require students to pursue their degrees above and beyond the allotted time frame. For example. if a student pursuing a four year degree requires an additional semester, the student is required to pay for that extra semester. In comparison, an online college advantageously allows students flexibly to adjust their schedules to accommodate the events in their lives. Online colleges allow students to pay for each course as they progress toward a degree.

The cost of an online degree depends greatly upon which program a student chooses. Many online courses are labor intensive for instructors and some online colleges may charge significantly more than traditional courses. Charter schools generally do not charge tuition. Some online charter schools cover material and computer hardware costs. Private online colleges typically charge a base rate of $1,000 while some charge significantly more. Generally, three credit hour courses cost from $500 to $900 dollars and are similarly priced to their mid priced, traditional “brick and mortar” college or university counterparts. An investment of $7,500 per semester or around $32,000 dollars is required to earn a bachelors degree through an online college.
According to the U.S. College Board website, tuition for a bachelors degree at a private year college in 2009 rose 4.4 percent to $26,273 dollars. Tuition at a public four year college for a bachelors degree rose 6.5 percent in 2009 to $7,020 dollars. Traditional schools’ certificate programs generally cost less than online college degrees. Certificate programs at “brick and mortar” colleges and online colleges involve fewer courses, but have specific prerequisites while attracting high level professionals. Specialized training for masters degrees (or higher) are more expensive than undergrad training with costs depending upon the college. Overall, individual distance learning courses usually cost as much as traditional classes.

An online college also affords students the advantage of not paying out of state tuition premiums. In comparison, many state colleges require students to pay extra tuition for on campus students who are not residence within the state the college is located. Most online colleges do not charge e-learners out of state tuition costs.
Online and traditional colleges often offer financial aid to prospective students. The federal government has recently extended financial aid programs to many accredited online programs in addition to on-campus grant programs. Many mid to large sized companies offer reimbursement to employees to cover educational pursuits. Larger business may pay for a portion of or even the complete cost of online courses. Ensuring proper application guidelines, watching for hidden charges like graduation fees, and avoiding late payment fees allows students additional ways to save on online college costs.

When budgeting for online college it is best to include funding for additional fees beyond those associated with tuition. Allowing room for application fees (which many colleges now allow online waivers for), student fees, textbooks, lab materials, lab fees, long distance telephone charges, shipping fees, computer equipment and software fees, internet provider service fees. Online degrees do offer one of the biggest cost savings’ incentives: no trips to visit schools and no residency costs.

The cost of an online degree will not save a tremendous amount of money in regard to tuition costs; however choosing an online degree allows for a huge time savings. Online courses are generally more convenient, allowing better time management and ultimately, a faster road to earning a degree and securing increased earning potential.

High school students interested in a career as a cabinet maker may prepare while in school. High school students who participate in courses like: English, algebra, business, and physical education may increase their chances of gaining acceptance into future training programs. Additionally, accessing a trade or vocational program in construction allows high school students to learn woodworking techniques, drafting basics, tool safety, and computer skills necessary to advance career and educational goals.

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High school graduates may advance to apprenticeship programs designed to combine classroom instruction with hands on experience. Apprenticeship programs generally require 5 to 7 years of training to gain skills necessary to qualify as a cabinet maker. Apprenticeship programs allow students to advance to difficult tasks as each skill is mastered. Many aspiring cabinet makers work as carpenter assistants while completing an apprenticeship program to acquire woodworking skills, tool usage, and construction techniques. Graduates of apprenticeship programs often gain licensing or certification to expand knowledge base and remain competitive in the industry.

A career diploma program offered through a trade or technical school as well as online colleges allows high school graduates to access one year programs to train as cabinet makers. Students enrolled in career diploma programs learn how to work with prints, specifications, and shop drawings as well as material selection, manufacturing, and assembling products. Courses like: cabinet making, communications skills, English, vocational math, introduction to college math, algebra, machinery and methods, materials and processes, wood finishing, tool and machine maintenance, construction and remodeling, drafting, cabinet making and millwork, workplace safety, cabinet drawling, wood finishing, and autoCAD for cabinet drawing allow students to gain classroom training and hands on experience. Students who complete a career diploma program may advance to a job in cabinet making or attain an associates degree.
An associates degree in construction and cabinet making technology allows students to gain skills necessary to become a cabinet maker. Courses in construction and cabinet making consist of: fundamentals of building construction, stationary and hand power tools, engineering graphics, house framing, introduction to woodworking, building codes, cabinetmaking, construction estimating, business math, mill working, computerized numerical control (CNC) router programming, technical drafting, carpentry, and structural elements. A two year degree focuses on the use of technology and computers in addition to the construction and installation of cabinets in residential and commercial settings. A clinical experience including tool and site work often accompanies class room training. Graduates of an associates degree program may advance to licensing or certification accreditation or gain employment as cabinet makers.

Licensing and certification offered through the Furniture Industry Training Organization (FITO) is a qualification designed to advance skills and career options for cabinet makers. The National Certificate in Furniture Making focuses on programming and operating computer controlled machinery to construct cabinets. Licensing and certification examinations allow individuals to demonstrate skills learned in classroom and clinical experiences. Exams entail an assessment of a cabinet makers finished product. Successful completion of licensing or certification often allows students to work as cabinet worker managers.

Cabinet workers who would like to pursue an advanced degree may continue studies in a construction management, engineering, or carpentry related field as the highest degree available in the field is an associates degree.

Preparation for a career as a furniture maker can begin while in high school. Students may enroll in courses like: English, physical education, business, algebra, and shop or technology to learn basic woodworking skills. High school students with access to trade or vocational programs in construction may learn woodworking techniques, drafting basics, tool safety, and computer skills necessary to advance career and educational goals. Additionally, working summers and breaks as a carpenter’s assistant or within the construction industry allows individuals to gain hands on experiences and perhaps increase chances of acceptance within future training programs.

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High school graduates may advance into 20 month to 5 year long apprenticeship programs to gain skills and training necessary to advance into a career as a furniture maker. Apprenticeship programs allow students to master basic training skills and progress to more difficult tasks. Many students within an apprenticeship program work as carpenter’s assistants to learn woodworking skills, tool safety and usage, and production techniques. Graduates of apprenticeship programs often gain licenses or certification to remain competitive within the industry and increase skills.

Trade or vocational schools and online colleges offer one year career diplomas to allow individuals to train as furniture makers. Students learn to draft product models, either by drawing designs or by using software as well as learn finishing techniques and problem solving. Courses like: basics of woodworking, preparation and finishing, joinery, using proper fastenings and findings, use of carpentry tools, cabinet making, refinishing, refacing, setting up a workshop, and designing furniture allow students to gain skills necessary to gain entry level jobs as furniture makers or advance to higher degree programs. Graduates of apprenticeship programs may sit for certification exams offered through the Furniture Training Organization (FITO). Candidates who demonstrate programming and construction skills to achieve the National Certificate in Furniture Making. Many certificate programs require students to continue education every two years to maintain licensing. Students awarded associates degrees may also choose to advance into bachelor degree programs or work as entry level furniture makers.

An associates degree in furniture making allows students many educational and career opportunities. Associate degree programs allow students to learn planning, management, and theory aspects of furniture making. Students participate in courses like: basics of woodworking, preparation and finishing, joinery, using proper fastenings and findings, use of carpentry tools, cabinet making, refinishing, refacing, furniture design, setting up a workshop, the history of furniture design, contemporary furniture design, drawing digital designs, business, and marketing allow students to master skills as furniture makers. Graduates from associates degree programs may advance to certification and licensing programs to gain additional training, expand client base, or continue education. Certification and licensing is available through the Furniture Training Organization (FITO). Candidates participate in exams offered through the National Certificate in Furniture Making to demonstrate programming and construction skills learned during an associates degree program. Many certificate and licensing programs require students to re-certify upon meeting continuing education standards. Students awarded associates degrees may also choose to advance into bachelor degree programs.

A bachelor degree program in furniture making allows students to learn planning, management, and theories of furniture making. Bachelor degree programs allow students to advance woodworking, construction, and history of furniture making knowledge to become masters of the trade. Students participate in courses like: basics of woodworking, material selection, tool safety and usage, preparation and finishing furniture, joinery, using proper fastenings and findings, woodworking, use of carpentry tools, refinishing, refacing, designing, setting up a workshop, furniture design, the history of furniture making, business mathematics, marketing, contemporary furniture design, client management, direct marketing, product pricing, public relations, time management, corporate identity and branding, website design and construction, computer aided drafting (CAD), and client drawing. Students may also specialize in certain aspects of furniture making including: restoring antique furniture, adhesives, staining, and bonding. A bachelor degree program enables students to advance through a combination of classroom instruction and hands on, clinical experiences working under the supervision of qualified furniture makers. Graduates from a 4 year degree program are generally considered experts within the field and qualified to work as furniture makers upon completion state or facility regulations regarding certification and/or licensing. Certification is available through the Furniture Industry Training Organization (FITO). The National Certificate in Furniture Making allows students to master proramming and operating computer controlled machinery to increase quality and advance education. Most certificate or licensing programs require individuals to demonstrate skills learned through training programs. Most certificate and licensing programs have a continuing education requirement standard for re-certification every two years. Graduates from a bachelor degree program who meet clinical and certification requirements may advance to careers as furniture makers, carpenters, and product designers or may advance to higher degrees.

Students who pursue a masters degree or higher purse a furniture making related degree in engineering, construction management, industrial design, business, or interior design as advanced degrees in furniture making are not offered. Students within master degree programs must complete classroom training and an internship requirement. Certification as determined by state and facility regulations must also me fufilled before advancing to careers as experts within the field of discipline. Doctoral degree students must meet classroom instruction requirements, internship experience, and complete a publishable dissertation within the chosen field of study before advancing to careers as professors.

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Training for a career in tourism and hospitality management begins with courses in communication. Individuals who desire a profession in tourism and hospitality must cater to the needs of a diverse group of people, including families, businessmen, government officials, journalists on location for assignments, and various other groups. Tourism and hospitality management courses teach students how to effectively attend to all aspects of a traveller’s journey. A background in the laws regarding the protection of guests, hotel managers, and hotel property grants individuals the ability to appropriately handle problems as they arise. Tourism and hospitality management courses give students the skills they need in order to evict uncooperative guests, responsibly handle the protection of guests’ belongings, and the responsibility of hotel managers in the protection of guests and staff.

Individuals within the field of tourism and hospitality management learn tourism geography courses to sharpen their skills in cultural geography and the social and psychological issues affecting tourist behavior. Individuals in tourism and hospitality management training learn how to assist guests in maximizing their tourism experience. Individuals seeking careers in the tourism and hospitality sector must possess excellent communication skills in order to assist travellers. Tourism and Hospitality management courses teach individuals the fundamental systems behind the motivations of people who travel, various tourist accommodation expectations, and job opportunities within travel and tourism. Tourism and hospitality management gives students the ability to view tourism from a systematic perspective and a behind the scenes understanding of the inner workings of tourism industry.

Tourism and hospitality management courses also allow individuals to learn the history behind the recreation and leisure industry. Tourism and hospitality management training allows students to learn the organizational and structural factors involved in creating an atmosphere to maximize recreational visits for guests. Tourism and hospitality management courses offer individuals insight into present and future challenges within the tourism and travel industry. Individuals within this industry must have fantastic problem solving and time management abilities as most tourism and hospitality majors devise ways to solve challenges within the industry and plan programs or activities to lessen them.

Tourism and hospitality management courses also train individuals in food and beverage courses. Students learn how to properly and safely handle food and how to avoid food problems. Tourism and hospitality management courses also teach individuals ways to resolve food problems in the event that an incident does occur. Tourism and hospitality management also focuses on teaching students the history of beverage management. Individuals learn how to profitably manage alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Students learn important alcohol regulations as well as marketing techniques and cost management measures related to a diverse range of beverages. Individuals within tourism and hospitality majors also learn how to develop beverage lists to maximize profitability and meet travellers’ needs.

Tourism and hospitality management courses also train students how to negotiate, improve negotiation skills, and how to plan events and meetings to meet incoming guests’ needs. Tourism and hospitality managers must also effectively manage time and scheduling matters to maximize guest experiences and minimize conflicts while coordinating travel related activities, information, dining opportunities, and guest accommodations.

Tourism and hospitality management courses offer individuals many opportunities to refine their leadership, planning, and communication skills. Tourism and hospitality management courses allow students a competitive advantage in a growing industry within an emerging degree field. Tourism and hospitality management courses offer individuals the unique opportunity to attend to the needs of a diversified clientele from across the globe. Tourism and hospitality management courses impart the ability for prospective managers to assist in creating a “home away from home” for travelers.

Tourism and hospitality management is a growing industry expected to expand tremendously as global economy strengthens. A number of entry level jobs within the industry allow employees the ability to begin at an entry level job and climb career ladders by advancing through on the job experience or through formal certificate and degree programs. Numerous online and traditional colleges offer training in tourism and hospitality management. Many respected schools impart individuals with an extensive knowledge to assure success in the tourism, travel, or hospitality industries. Many educational programs allow for certificates, associates degrees, bachelors degrees, or masters degrees, in tourism and hospitality management, tourism administration, food service, and hotel management. Certificate programs and associates degrees generally qualify students for entry level jobs in tourism and hospitality management. Core courses in English and science allow individuals to practice and improve their communication skills. Basic mathematics and social sciences classes prepare students for tourism and hospitality related tasks. Second year concentrations in information technology, food and beverage management, business administration, hotel/resort management, accounting, financial management, marketing, sales, and human resources give future tourism and hospitality workers a solid background to start their careers. With an associates degree in tourism and hospitality management, a student may qualify for entry level jobs in hotels, public relations, advertising, and sales.
Furthering educational goals with 4 year degrees give students with tourism and hospitality aspirations a boost in the job market among tough competition. Liberal arts majors and other degrees also often enable jobs as future tourism and hospitality managers and make them preferred candidates for assistant manager or management trainee positions. Programs of study from any of the nearly 150 online and traditional “brick and mortar” colleges and universities in tourism and hospitality courses allow individuals a strong background and future career success. Courses in core requirements of English, mathematics, psychology, and social sciences followed with additional training in specialized aspects of hospitality management assist in securing top positions within the growing travel, tourism, and hospitality industries. Culinary arts, finance, public relations, information science, marketing, sales, human resources, accounting, business administration, hotel/resort management, and food/beverage management gives tourism and management majors skills needed for success in their future career aspirations.

Graduate degree programs in travel, tourism, and hospitality qualifies individuals for lucrative careers within one of the fastest growing career industries. Many graduate programs teach students the ability to handle technical issues within tourism and hospitality management and expand knowledge of the inner workings of hotel management. Many graduate or masters degree students in tourism and hospitality advance quickly to department manager, executive housekeeper, executive chef, or sales manager for large hotel chain operations.

Individuals who aspire to become veterinary assistants must possess specific personality qualities to achieve professional goals. Future veterinary assistants must possess a compassion for animals, be firm yet gentle, sympathetic, detail oriented, and work well with others. Future veterinary assistants must also be insightful, possess leadership skills, and help clients deal with illness or the loss of a pet.

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Preparation for a career as a veterinary assistant may begin while a student is in high school. Students who study biology, chemistry, psychology, computer science or keyboarding, accounting, English, and physical education often bolster chances of acceptance into certificate or college level training programs. Additionally, volunteering within an animal shelter, zoo, or a private veterinary practice allows students to gain work experience and perhaps bolster chances of acceptance into future educational or training programs.

Students with the career aspiration of veterinary assistant may advance professional goals through certificate programs offered through trade or vocational schools. Certificate programs are generally completed in 6 months and include courses like: animal care, interpersonal communications, accounting/billing, animal behavior, veterinary terminology, animal anatomy and physiology, animal nutrition, and emergency care preparation. Students who complete a certification program are eligible to sit for licensing exams. Licenses are issued through the American Association of Veterinary State Boards. Students complete oral and written examinations as well as hands on practical tests designed to allow candidates to apply their training knowledge, physical abilities, and conformation to safety regulations to earn licensing credentials. Students can go on to higher degree programs or work under the supervision of veterinarians after completing licensing requirements.

Students who choose to enter a two year associates degree program to become a veterinary assistant expand their educational and professional goals. Students prepare for future careers by taking veterinary assistant training courses accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association. Classroom learning combined with hands on laboratory preparation allows students with the goal of becoming veterinary assistants the opportunity to succeed. Students study courses in animal nursing, diagnostic imagine, physiology, animal terminology, animal anatomy, parasitology, animal illness and disease, interpersonal communications, pharmacology, anesthesia, surgical assisting, pet insurance, billing, accounting, and aseptic techniques. Many students enrolled in a two year degree program must additionally complete a clinical experience, often under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. After course and clinical training, students qualify for licensing exams offered through the American Association of Veterinary Boards. Licensing exams allow students to demonstrate their proficiency in safety regulations, classroom training, and clinical experience. Successfully completing an associates degree program and licensing requirements allows graduates the ability to work as veterinary assistants or to continue on to advanced degrees.

Students who advance studies into a bachelor degree program acquire refined veterinary assistant training. Students learn in a variety of settings in programs combining classroom studies and hands on training in a clinical experience under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. Students in a veterinary assistant bachelor degree program study courses like: animal nursing, diagnostic imaging, physiology, animal terminology, animal anatomy, veterinary biochemistry, veterinary pharmocology, anesthesia techniques, parasitology, surgical assisting, aseptic techniques, and veterinary dentistry. Students who complete classroom training and clinical instruction under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian are qualified for licensing exams administered through the American Association of Veterinary Boards. Licensing exams consist of test a candidates proficiencies in written, oral, and clinical settings. Successful completion of a bachelor degree program, clinical experience, and licensing requirements as determined by state and facility regulations allow individuals to work as veterinary assistants within research facilities, zoos, wildlife preserves, or private veterinary practices. Students who gain employment in a research facility may also gain certification from the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS). The AALAS administers exams designated to test a students ability to uphold ethical standards of animal welfare, in addition to allowing individuals the opportunity to demonstrate proficiencies in written, oral, and clinical training.

Preparation for a career as a forester can begin during high school. Students who love the outdoors and possess strong communication skills often have successful careers as foresters. Students who enjoy learning about biology, the environment, and enjoy physical tasks like walking extensively also do well in this career. High school students who participate courses like: physical education, biology, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, and earth science prepare for future training programs.

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An associates degree in forestry technology allows students to expand educational and career goals. Students participate in courses within a forestry technology program study courses in: forest ecology, wildlife habitats, land and forest measurement and statistics, forest management, forest ecology, growth processes of timber stands, tree identification, timber and forest products harvesting, timber stand management, forest protection, forest products utilization, land surveying, boundary surveying, as well as construction and topographic surveys. Students enrolled in a two year degree program learn how to use technology and application skills combined with classroom learning and laboratory field experiences. Students who successfully complete an associates degree program may advance to entry level jobs as foresters upon completing certification requirements or advance to higher degrees. Most state forestry boards and the Department of National Resources require foresters to complete state required safety and training certification examinations. Voluntary certification is also offered upon successfully completing examinations administered by the Society of American Foresters (SAF).

A bachelor degree in forestry technology offers students opportunities to advance professional and career goals. Students participate in advanced forestry courses like: wood anatomy, soil science, timber management, satellite imagery, geographic information systems, forest ecosystem science, forest resources management, environmental microbiology, forest and shade tree pathology, forest biometrics, silviculture, introduction to soils, forest entomology, nature resource managerial economics, forest mensuration and timber management. Students may further specialize training in areas like forest operations and restoration or forest resources management. Students must complete a laboratory field experience under the supervision of a qualified forester and complete certification examinations before gaining employment as a forester or advancing to higher degrees. The Department of National Resources and state forestry boards require graduates to complete mandatory safety and training certification examinations. Additionally, the Society of American Foresters (SAF) offers voluntary certification for graduates who meet educational and work experience requirements.

A master of science in forestry allows students to expand educational and career opportunities. Students participate in specialized courses like: ecosystem analysis, forest pathology and mycology, fishery biology, political ecology, agroforestry, forest molecular genetics, ecological engineering in the tropics, photogrammetry, paper properties, forest ecosystem science and applications, forest and natural resources policy, recreation resources management, natural resources management, forest hydrology, watershed management, ecotourism and wilderness management, and resources and environmental economics. Most graduate programs require students to complete a seminar in environmental and forest biology as well as complete a masters thesis. Successfully completing all aspects of a masters degree program in a forestry graduate degree program allows students to gain employment as expert forestry managers upon meeting licensing requirements as determined by state or facility of employment. The Department of National Resources and state forestry boards administer mandatory licensing and certification examinations to test proficiencies in educational and safety training. Additionally, the Society of American Foresters (SAF) offers voluntary certification for graduates who meet educational and work experience requirements.

A doctoral degree in forest technology allows students to be researchers and professors in the field. Students complete an intensive educational program focused on classroom studies in specialty areas of forestry like: environmental impact assessment, watershed hydrology, ecosystems science and applications, ecosystem science and applications, forestry related climate effects, forest and natural resources policy, ecotourism and wilderness management, and environmental economics. Students advance to laboratory field experiences before preparing a publishable dissertation. Students who complete course studies, field experiences, and dissertations may advance to licensing examinations. Mandatory safety and training licensing examinations are administered by the National Department of Resources and state forestry boards. The Society of American Foresters (SAF) offers voluntary certification who meet educational and work experience requirements.

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High school students interested in a career as a caterer may prepare while in high school. Students who enroll in courses like: psychology, English, home economics, business mathematics, accounting, and elective courses in food preparation. High school students who gain full or part time employment in a food service job or as an assistant for a caterer within a private business, hotel, or restaurant, often gain hands on experience necessary to advance educational and professional goals.

Students may enter 6-12 month long certificate programs offered through culinary, trade, or vocational schools as well as online colleges. Certificate programs allow individuals to gain basic educational and hands on experiences to prepare for a career as a caterer. Students participate in courses like: introduction to professional cooking, introductory baking, basic sanitation and food safety, basic nutrition, business planning in food service, and wines and spirits. Additionally, students participate in an internship under the supervision of an experienced caterer within an organization. A certificate program qualifies students to gain entry level jobs as a caterer or advance to associates degree programs.

An associates degree in catering allows students to gain educational and work experience. Students enroll in courses like introduction to professional cooking, introductory baking, basic sanitation and food safety, basic nutrition, business planning in food service, cooking in quantity, pastry arts, food purchasing, menu design, hospitality supervision, sales and marketing, and wines and spirits. Most two year associates degree programs require students to complete a catering practicum under the supervision of a qualified caterer. An associates degree allows individuals to pursue advanced degrees or gain entry level employment as a professional caterer upon successful completion of licensing requirements determined by state or facility regulations. Licensing is generally voluntary and offered administered by Servsafe Sanitation, the National Restaurant Association (NRA) and the International Catering Association. Licensing organizations provide continuing education and specialized educational opportunities to expand skills and gain clients. Licensing organizations offer seminars and exams focused on expanding food safety skills, maintaining customer relations, effective writing and presentation skills, or how to increase profitability.

A bachelors degree in a culinary arts program generally prepares students for a successful career as a catering manager or hospitality and restaurant manager. Students take specialized courses in: accounting, business administration, kitchen operations, marketing, nutrition, pastry art, menu planning, gourmet cooking, baking techniques, special diet food preparation, sanitation, food planning and preparation, catering operations, event planning, hospitality service, professional bartending, inventory and budgeting, cost control methods, personal management, business law and management, and computer software and programs to meet educational and professional goals. Most bachelor degree programs feature a clinical practicum through internships and fieldwork under the supervision of catering, restaurant, or hospitality managers designed to expand hands on experience. Students may advance to a career as a catering manager or advance to a master degree program upon completion of voluntary licensing determined by facility or state regulations. The National Association of Catering Executives (NACE) provides voluntary certification in programs focused upon professional development, sales, and marketing. The NACE also assists in preparing individuals for certification exams to demonstrate proficiencies, expand skills, and increase client base.

A masters degree in business administration, restaurant management, or hospitality management allows students to become experts in the field of catering and hospitality. Students participate in courses like: business communication, economics, food and beverage cost control, front office operations, hospitality facilities design, housekeeping management, purchasing and inventory control, real estate finance and investments, resort development, retail and consumer behavior, and sanitation and safety. Students within a master degree program often participate in catering programs in addition to master degree studies to gain experience in the field. Individuals within a graduate program must complete an internship under the supervision of a qualified hospitality, restaurant, or catering manager. Candidates may then complete a masters thesis and gain employment as catering managers, restaurant managers, or hospitality managers. Voluntary licensing offered through the National Association of Catering Executives offer assistance in preparation for certification exams, continuing education opportunities, and an increased client base.

Attaining a doctoral degree in hospitality management qualifies individuals to become experts in the field of hospitality, tourism, and catering. Students participate in courses like: communication, critical thinking, principles of research, organizational behavior, research methods, marketing and managing customer relations, ethical leadership, business law, risk management, and marketing. Doctoral candidates must complete doctoral seminars, an internship under the supervision of a qualified professional, and a publishable dissertation before gaining employment as a hospitality, tourism, or catering professor. Certification administered by the National Association of Catering Executives to prepare for certification exams, expand educational and training knowledge, and increase client base.

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High school students interested in becoming CAD drafters must be computer literate and have strong communication skills. Future CAD drafters must have strong problem solving skills and be tremendously detail oriented. High school students may prepare for future careers as CAD drafters by taking courses like: algebra, trigonometry, English, keyboarding, and even elective courses in basic drafting, computer science, and design where available. High school students may advance to certificate level training programs or college degrees offered through trade, technical, traditional, and online schools.

A certificate program offered through trade, technical or online schools allow students to learn the fundamentals of drafting and developing. Students can use computer aided drafting and design to convert sketches and specifications into plans used to produce products and buildings. A certificate program in AutoCAD drafting requires a 6 to 12 month training program focused on: architecture, machinery, electronics, or aeronautics. Students participate in courses like: manual drafting, computer aided drafting, technical drawing, applied AutoCAD, drafting and print reading, technical writing, computer graphics, and college algebra to learn skills necessary to sketch structures, develop documentation, and create 2 and/or 3 dimensional drawings and models. Graduates from a certificate program may advance to college level degree programs or gain employment as entry level CAD drafters upon meeting licensing requirements determined by state and facility regulations. Licensing is available through the American Design Drafting Association (ADDA). The ADDA allows professional drafters to demonstrate proficiencies in geometric construction, architectural terminology, and drawing skills.

Students who advance to an associates degree in CAD drafting offered through trade, vocational, traditional, or online colleges, allows students to advance educational and career goals. Students enhance basic drafting skills and have the opportunity to begin specializing training in electronics, engineering, architecture, aeronautics, and electrical drafting. Intensive technical training offered through two year degree programs provide general education and drafting skills with courses like: autoCAD, commercial drafting, structural drafting, 3-D CAD, mechanical engineering, engineering principles, building design and materials, architectural drafting, and Microstation. Students who complete a two year degree learn to utilize innovative technology, principles, and techniques necessary to prepare plans, technical drawings, and construction blueprints for buildings, structures, and mechanical designs. Students may advance to higher degree programs or gain employment as entry level CAD drafters upon meeting licensing requirements determined by state or facility of employment. Licensing exams are offered through the American Design Drafting Association and allow professional drafters to demonstrate skills in geometric construction, architectural terminology, and drawing.

A bachelor degree offered through a traditional or online college or university expands educational and career opportunities. Students learn to refine skills using CAD software. Students participate in courses like: general drafting, design, architecture, engineering, drawing, technical mathematics, AutoCAD and MicroCAD, computer programming, industrial design, computer keyboarding, basic and advanced design, structural design, and computer graphics. Many bachelor degree students specialize training in an area of drafting like: aeronautical drafting, architectural drafting, civil drafting, electrical drafting, electronic drafting, mechanical drafting, and pipeline drafting. Students who complete bachelor degree programs may advance to attain masters or doctoral degrees in drafting and design engineering or a related discipline as well as advance to employment as CAD drafters upon meeting licensing requirements. Licensing is offered through the American Design Drafting Association and tests individuals on geometric construction, architectural terminology, and drawing skills.

A masters degree in drafting and design engineering offers students to specialize educational background and expand career opportunities. Students participate in courses like: design theory and history, statistics for design, mechanical engineering, manufacturing engineering, interactive design studio, collaborative design studio, building and design strategies, and human social factors. Students within a master degree program must complete an internship under the supervision of a qualified drafting and design engineer before completing a masters thesis. Students may then advance to employment as drafting and design engineers upon meeting licensing requirements.Certification exams offered through the American Design Drafting Association allow students to demonstrate proficiencies learned in classroom and internship experiences. Students participate in exams testing skills in geometric construction, architectural terminology, and drawing. Students may also advance to doctoral degrees to become experts in the field of drafting and design engineering.

A doctoral degree in civil engineering or mechanical engineering offers students the opportunity to become experts in the chosen discipline. Students must complete intensive course work combined with an internship under the supervision of a qualified engineer as well as publish a dissertation. Students participate in courses like: quantitive research, theory, organizational behavior, and specialized courses pertaining to course of study to advance to an internship program. Doctoral candidates also must publish and defend a dissertation before graduating as experts in the field of engineering. Graduates may gain employment as researchers or professors within a college or university.